#include <Uefi.h>
#include <Protocol/ComponentName.h>
#include <Protocol/DriverBinding.h>
#include <Protocol/PciIo.h>
#include <Protocol/IdeControllerInit.h>
#include <Library/UefiDriverEntryPoint.h>
#include <Library/DebugLib.h>
#include <Library/UefiLib.h>
#include <Library/BaseLib.h>
#include <Library/BaseMemoryLib.h>
#include <Library/MemoryAllocationLib.h>
#include <Library/UefiBootServicesTableLib.h>
#include <IndustryStandard/Pci.h>

Macros
#define	ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL 0x02

#define	ICH_IDE_MAX_DEVICES 0x02

#define	ICH_IDE_ENUMER_ALL FALSE

Functions
EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeControllerSupported (IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL This, IN EFI_HANDLE Controller, IN EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL RemainingDevicePath)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeControllerStart (IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL This, IN EFI_HANDLE Controller, IN EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL RemainingDevicePath)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeControllerStop (IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL This, IN EFI_HANDLE Controller, IN UINTN NumberOfChildren, IN EFI_HANDLE ChildHandleBuffer)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeInitGetChannelInfo (IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL This, IN UINT8 Channel, OUT BOOLEAN Enabled, OUT UINT8 *MaxDevices)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeInitNotifyPhase (IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *This, IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_ENUM_PHASE Phase, IN UINT8 Channel)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeInitSubmitData (IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL This, IN UINT8 Channel, IN UINT8 Device, IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA IdentifyData)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeInitDisqualifyMode (IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL This, IN UINT8 Channel, IN UINT8 Device, IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE BadModes)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeInitCalculateMode (IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL This, IN UINT8 Channel, IN UINT8 Device, OUT EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *SupportedModes)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeInitSetTiming (IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL This, IN UINT8 Channel, IN UINT8 Device, IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE Modes)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeControllerComponentNameGetDriverName (IN EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL This, IN CHAR8 Language, OUT CHAR16 **DriverName)

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI	IdeControllerComponentNameGetControllerName (IN EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL This, IN EFI_HANDLE ControllerHandle, IN EFI_HANDLE ChildHandle OPTIONAL, IN CHAR8 Language, OUT CHAR16 **ControllerName)

Variables
EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL	gIdeControllerDriverBinding

EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL	gIdeControllerComponentName

EFI_COMPONENT_NAME2_PROTOCOL	gIdeControllerComponentName2

Detailed Description

Header file for IDE controller driver.

Copyright (c) 2008 - 2018, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent

Definition in file IdeController.h.

Macro Definition Documentation

◆ ICH_IDE_ENUMER_ALL

#define ICH_IDE_ENUMER_ALL FALSE

Definition at line 42 of file IdeController.h.

◆ ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL

#define ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL 0x02

Supports 2 channel max

Definition at line 36 of file IdeController.h.

◆ ICH_IDE_MAX_DEVICES

#define ICH_IDE_MAX_DEVICES 0x02

Supports 2 devices max

Definition at line 41 of file IdeController.h.

Function Documentation

◆ IdeControllerComponentNameGetControllerName()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeControllerComponentNameGetControllerName	(	IN EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN EFI_HANDLE	ControllerHandle,
		IN EFI_HANDLE ChildHandle	OPTIONAL,
		IN CHAR8 *	Language,
		OUT CHAR16 **	ControllerName
	)

Retrieves a Unicode string that is the user readable name of the controller that is being managed by an EFI Driver.

Parameters

This	A pointer to the EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL instance.
ControllerHandle	The handle of a controller that the driver specified by This is managing. This handle specifies the controller whose name is to be returned.
OPTIONAL	ChildHandle The handle of the child controller to retrieve the name of. This is an optional parameter that may be NULL. It will be NULL for device drivers. It will also be NULL for a bus drivers that wish to retrieve the name of the bus controller. It will not be NULL for a bus driver that wishes to retrieve the name of a child controller.
Language	A pointer to a three character ISO 639-2 language identifier. This is the language of the controller name that that the caller is requesting, and it must match one of the languages specified in SupportedLanguages. The number of languages supported by a driver is up to the driver writer.
ControllerName	A pointer to the Unicode string to return. This Unicode string is the name of the controller specified by ControllerHandle and ChildHandle in the language specified by Language from the point of view of the driver specified by This.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The Unicode string for the user readable name in the language specified by Language for the driver specified by This was returned in DriverName.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	ControllerHandle is NULL.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	ChildHandle is not NULL and it is not a valid EFI_HANDLE.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Language is NULL.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	ControllerName is NULL.
EFI_UNSUPPORTED	The driver specified by This is not currently managing the controller specified by ControllerHandle and ChildHandle.
EFI_UNSUPPORTED	The driver specified by This does not support the language specified by Language.

Retrieves a Unicode string that is the user readable name of the controller that is being managed by an EFI Driver.

Parameters

This	A pointer to the EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL instance.
ControllerHandle	The handle of a controller that the driver specified by This is managing. This handle specifies the controller whose name is to be returned.
ChildHandle	OPTIONAL The handle of the child controller to retrieve the name of. This is an optional parameter that may be NULL. It will be NULL for device drivers. It will also be NULL for a bus drivers that wish to retrieve the name of the bus controller. It will not be NULL for a bus driver that wishes to retrieve the name of a child controller.
Language	A pointer to a three character ISO 639-2 language identifier. This is the language of the controller name that that the caller is requesting, and it must match one of the languages specified in SupportedLanguages. The number of languages supported by a driver is up to the driver writer.
ControllerName	A pointer to the Unicode string to return. This Unicode string is the name of the controller specified by ControllerHandle and ChildHandle in the language specified by Language from the point of view of the driver specified by This.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The Unicode string for the user readable name in the language specified by Language for the driver specified by This was returned in DriverName.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	ControllerHandle is NULL.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	ChildHandle is not NULL and it is not a valid EFI_HANDLE.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Language is NULL.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	ControllerName is NULL.
EFI_UNSUPPORTED	The driver specified by This is not currently managing the controller specified by ControllerHandle and ChildHandle.
EFI_UNSUPPORTED	The driver specified by This does not support the language specified by Language.

Definition at line 138 of file ComponentName.c.

◆ IdeControllerComponentNameGetDriverName()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeControllerComponentNameGetDriverName	(	IN EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN CHAR8 *	Language,
		OUT CHAR16 **	DriverName
	)

Retrieves a Unicode string that is the user readable name of the EFI Driver.

Parameters

This	A pointer to the EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL instance.
Language	A pointer to a three character ISO 639-2 language identifier. This is the language of the driver name that that the caller is requesting, and it must match one of the languages specified in SupportedLanguages. The number of languages supported by a driver is up to the driver writer.
DriverName	A pointer to the Unicode string to return. This Unicode string is the name of the driver specified by This in the language specified by Language.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The Unicode string for the Driver specified by This and the language specified by Language was returned in DriverName.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Language is NULL.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	DriverName is NULL.
EFI_UNSUPPORTED	The driver specified by This does not support the language specified by Language.

Definition at line 81 of file ComponentName.c.

◆ IdeControllerStart()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeControllerStart	(	IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN EFI_HANDLE	Controller,
		IN EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL *	RemainingDevicePath
	)

This routine is called right after the .Supported() called and return EFI_SUCCESS. Notes: The supported protocols are checked but the Protocols are closed.

Parameters

This	A pointer points to the Binding Protocol instance
Controller	The handle of controller to be tested. Parameter passed by the caller
RemainingDevicePath	A pointer to the device path. Should be ignored by device driver

Returns: EFI_STATUS Status of InstallMultipleProtocolInterfaces()

Definition at line 196 of file IdeController.c.

◆ IdeControllerStop()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeControllerStop	(	IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN EFI_HANDLE	Controller,
		IN UINTN	NumberOfChildren,
		IN EFI_HANDLE *	ChildHandleBuffer
	)

Stop this driver on Controller Handle.

Parameters

This	Protocol instance pointer.
Controller	Handle of device to stop driver on
NumberOfChildren	Not used
ChildHandleBuffer	Not used

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	This driver is removed DeviceHandle
!EFI_SUCCESS	This driver was not removed from this device

Definition at line 252 of file IdeController.c.

◆ IdeControllerSupported()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeControllerSupported	(	IN EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN EFI_HANDLE	Controller,
		IN EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL *	RemainingDevicePath
	)

Register Driver Binding protocol for this driver.

Parameters

This	A pointer points to the Binding Protocol instance
Controller	The handle of controller to be tested.
RemainingDevicePath	A pointer to the device path. Ignored by device driver but used by bus driver

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	Driver loaded.
!EFI_SUCCESS	Driver not loaded.

Definition at line 111 of file IdeController.c.

◆ IdeInitCalculateMode()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeInitCalculateMode	(	IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN UINT8	Channel,
		IN UINT8	Device,
		OUT EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE **	SupportedModes
	)

Returns the information about the optimum modes for the specified IDE device.

This function is used by the driver entity to obtain the optimum ATA modes for a specific device. The IDE controller driver takes into account the following while calculating the mode:

The IdentifyData inputs to EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.SubmitData()
The BadModes inputs to EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.DisqualifyMode()

The driver entity is required to call EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.SubmitData() for all the devices that belong to an enumeration group before calling EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.CalculateMode() for any device in the same group.

The IDE controller driver will use controller- and possibly platform-specific algorithms to arrive at SupportedModes. The IDE controller may base its decision on user preferences and other considerations as well. This function may be called multiple times because the driver entity may renegotiate the mode with the IDE controller driver using EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.DisqualifyMode().

The driver entity may collect timing information for various devices in any order. The driver entity is responsible for making sure that all the dependencies are satisfied. For example, the SupportedModes information for device A that was previously returned may become stale after a call to EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.DisqualifyMode() for device B.

The buffer SupportedModes is allocated by the callee because the caller does not necessarily know the size of the buffer. The type EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE is defined in a way that allows for future extensibility and can be of variable length. This memory pool should be deallocated by the caller when it is no longer necessary.

The IDE controller driver for a Serial ATA (SATA) controller can use this member function to force a lower speed (first-generation [Gen1] speeds on a second-generation [Gen2]-capable hardware). The IDE controller driver can also allow the driver entity to stay with the speed that has been negotiated by the physical layer.

Parameters

[in]	This	The pointer to the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
[in]	Channel	A zero-based channel number.
[in]	Device	A zero-based device number on the Channel.
[out]	SupportedModes	The optimum modes for the device.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	SupportedModes was returned.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Channel is invalid (Channel >= ChannelCount).
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Device is invalid.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	SupportedModes is NULL.
EFI_NOT_READY	Modes cannot be calculated due to a lack of data. This error may happen if EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.SubmitData() and EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.DisqualifyData() were not called for at least one drive in the same enumeration group.

Definition at line 1030 of file SataController.c.

◆ IdeInitDisqualifyMode()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeInitDisqualifyMode	(	IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN UINT8	Channel,
		IN UINT8	Device,
		IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *	BadModes
	)

Disqualifies specific modes for an IDE device.

This function allows the driver entity or other drivers (such as platform drivers) to reject certain timing modes and request the IDE controller driver to recalculate modes. This function allows the driver entity and the IDE controller driver to negotiate the timings on a per-device basis. This function is useful in the case of drives that lie about their capabilities. An example is when the IDE device fails to accept the timing modes that are calculated by the IDE controller driver based on the response to the Identify Drive command.

If the driver entity does not want to limit the ATA timing modes and leave that decision to the IDE controller driver, it can either not call this function for the given device or call this function and set the Valid flag to FALSE for all modes that are listed in EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE.

The driver entity may disqualify modes for a device in any order and any number of times.

This function can be called multiple times to invalidate multiple modes of the same type (e.g., Programmed Input/Output [PIO] modes 3 and 4). See the ATA/ATAPI specification for more information on PIO modes.

For Serial ATA (SATA) controllers, this member function can be used to disqualify a higher transfer rate mode on a given channel. For example, a platform driver may inform the IDE controller driver to not use second-generation (Gen2) speeds for a certain SATA drive.

Parameters

[in]	This	The pointer to the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
[in]	Channel	The zero-based channel number.
[in]	Device	The zero-based device number on the Channel.
[in]	BadModes	The modes that the device does not support and that should be disqualified.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The modes were accepted without any errors.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Channel is invalid (Channel >= ChannelCount).
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Device is invalid.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	IdentifyData is NULL.

Definition at line 942 of file SataController.c.

◆ IdeInitGetChannelInfo()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeInitGetChannelInfo	(	IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN UINT8	Channel,
		OUT BOOLEAN *	Enabled,
		OUT UINT8 *	MaxDevices
	)

Returns the information about the specified IDE channel.

This function can be used to obtain information about a particular IDE channel. The driver entity uses this information during the enumeration process.

If Enabled is set to FALSE, the driver entity will not scan the channel. Note that it will not prevent an operating system driver from scanning the channel.

For most of today's controllers, MaxDevices will either be 1 or 2. For SATA controllers, this value will always be 1. SATA configurations can contain SATA port multipliers. SATA port multipliers behave like SATA bridges and can support up to 16 devices on the other side. If a SATA port out of the IDE controller is connected to a port multiplier, MaxDevices will be set to the number of SATA devices that the port multiplier supports. Because today's port multipliers support up to fifteen SATA devices, this number can be as large as fifteen. The IDE bus driver is required to scan for the presence of port multipliers behind an SATA controller and enumerate up to MaxDevices number of devices behind the port multiplier.

In this context, the devices behind a port multiplier constitute a channel.

Parameters

[in]	This	The pointer to the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
[in]	Channel	Zero-based channel number.
[out]	Enabled	TRUE if this channel is enabled. Disabled channels are not scanned to see if any devices are present.
[out]	MaxDevices	The maximum number of IDE devices that the bus driver can expect on this channel. For the ATA/ATAPI specification, version 6, this number will either be one or two. For Serial ATA (SATA) configurations with a port multiplier, this number can be as large as fifteen.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	Information was returned without any errors.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Channel is invalid (Channel >= ChannelCount).

Definition at line 764 of file SataController.c.

◆ IdeInitNotifyPhase()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeInitNotifyPhase	(	IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_ENUM_PHASE	Phase,
		IN UINT8	Channel
	)

The notifications from the driver entity that it is about to enter a certain phase of the IDE channel enumeration process.

This function can be used to notify the IDE controller driver to perform specific actions, including any chipset-specific initialization, so that the chipset is ready to enter the next phase. Seven notification points are defined at this time.

More synchronization points may be added as required in the future.

Parameters

[in]	This	The pointer to the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
[in]	Phase	The phase during enumeration.
[in]	Channel	Zero-based channel number.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The notification was accepted without any errors.
EFI_UNSUPPORTED	Phase is not supported.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Channel is invalid (Channel >= ChannelCount).
EFI_NOT_READY	This phase cannot be entered at this time; for example, an attempt was made to enter a Phase without having entered one or more previous Phase.

Definition at line 813 of file SataController.c.

◆ IdeInitSetTiming()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeInitSetTiming	(	IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN UINT8	Channel,
		IN UINT8	Device,
		IN EFI_ATA_COLLECTIVE_MODE *	Modes
	)

Commands the IDE controller driver to program the IDE controller hardware so that the specified device can operate at the specified mode.

This function is used by the driver entity to instruct the IDE controller driver to program the IDE controller hardware to the specified modes. This function can be called only once for a particular device. For a Serial ATA (SATA) Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) controller, no controller- specific programming may be required.

Parameters

[in]	This	Pointer to the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
[in]	Channel	Zero-based channel number.
[in]	Device	Zero-based device number on the Channel.
[in]	Modes	The modes to set.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The command was accepted without any errors.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Channel is invalid (Channel >= ChannelCount).
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Device is invalid.
EFI_NOT_READY	Modes cannot be set at this time due to lack of data.
EFI_DEVICE_ERROR	Modes cannot be set due to hardware failure. The driver entity should not use this device.

Definition at line 1132 of file SataController.c.

◆ IdeInitSubmitData()

EFI_STATUS EFIAPI IdeInitSubmitData	(	IN EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL *	This,
		IN UINT8	Channel,
		IN UINT8	Device,
		IN EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA *	IdentifyData
	)

Submits the device information to the IDE controller driver.

This function is used by the driver entity to pass detailed information about a particular device to the IDE controller driver. The driver entity obtains this information by issuing an ATA or ATAPI IDENTIFY_DEVICE command. IdentifyData is the pointer to the response data buffer. The IdentifyData buffer is owned by the driver entity, and the IDE controller driver must make a local copy of the entire buffer or parts of the buffer as needed. The original IdentifyData buffer pointer may not be valid when

EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.CalculateMode() or
EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.DisqualifyMode() is called at a later point.

The IDE controller driver may consult various fields of EFI_IDENTIFY_DATA to compute the optimum mode for the device. These fields are not limited to the timing information. For example, an implementation of the IDE controller driver may examine the vendor and type/mode field to match known bad drives.

The driver entity may submit drive information in any order, as long as it submits information for all the devices belonging to the enumeration group before EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.CalculateMode() is called for any device in that enumeration group. If a device is absent, EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.SubmitData() should be called with IdentifyData set to NULL. The IDE controller driver may not have any other mechanism to know whether a device is present or not. Therefore, setting IdentifyData to NULL does not constitute an error condition. EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL.SubmitData() can be called only once for a given (Channel, Device) pair.

Parameters

[in]	This	A pointer to the EFI_IDE_CONTROLLER_INIT_PROTOCOL instance.
[in]	Channel	Zero-based channel number.
[in]	Device	Zero-based device number on the Channel.
[in]	IdentifyData	The device's response to the ATA IDENTIFY_DEVICE command.

Return values

EFI_SUCCESS	The information was accepted without any errors.
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Channel is invalid (Channel >= ChannelCount).
EFI_INVALID_PARAMETER	Device is invalid.

Definition at line 863 of file SataController.c.

Variable Documentation

◆ gIdeControllerComponentName

EFI_COMPONENT_NAME_PROTOCOL gIdeControllerComponentName

extern

EFI Component Name Protocol

Definition at line 15 of file ComponentName.c.

◆ gIdeControllerComponentName2

EFI_COMPONENT_NAME2_PROTOCOL gIdeControllerComponentName2

extern

EFI Component Name 2 Protocol

Definition at line 24 of file ComponentName.c.

◆ gIdeControllerDriverBinding

EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL gIdeControllerDriverBinding

extern

EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL instance

Definition at line 16 of file IdeController.c.

Macros

Functions

Variables

Detailed Description

Macro Definition Documentation

◆ ICH_IDE_ENUMER_ALL

◆ ICH_IDE_MAX_CHANNEL

◆ ICH_IDE_MAX_DEVICES

Function Documentation

◆ IdeControllerComponentNameGetControllerName()

◆ IdeControllerComponentNameGetDriverName()

◆ IdeControllerStart()

◆ IdeControllerStop()

◆ IdeControllerSupported()

◆ IdeInitCalculateMode()

◆ IdeInitDisqualifyMode()

◆ IdeInitGetChannelInfo()

◆ IdeInitNotifyPhase()

◆ IdeInitSetTiming()

◆ IdeInitSubmitData()

Variable Documentation

◆ gIdeControllerComponentName

◆ gIdeControllerComponentName2

◆ gIdeControllerDriverBinding